Fear
Won’t walk. Doesn’t feel safe. Not naughty.
It is vital with a dog that won’t walk not to force him. It’s never going to be simply stubbornness or being naughty. There will always be an underlying reason.
Behaviour and Training
Allowing the dog to work things out without commands
Sometimes there can be a bit of conflict, in my opinion, between what is learnt in formal training classes and the sort of behaviour that is needed for real life. My views may not be popular with everyone.